Q1. What is principle of programming language?
Ans. It is a set of rules governed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.
Q2. What are objectives of principles of programming language?
Ans. Objectives are-
• To introduce several different paradigms of programming
• To gain experience with these paradigms by using example programming languages
• To understand concepts of syntax, translation, abstraction, and implementation
Q3. What are the Paradigms of Programming?
Ans. Several paradigms are-
• Procedural
– examples: C, Pascal, Basic, Fortran
• Functional
– examples: Lisp, ML
• Object-oriented
– examples: C++, Java, Smalltalk
• Rule-based (or Logic)
– example: Prolog
Q4.Why there is need of so many paradigms?
Ans. The choice of paradigm and therefore language depends on how human’s best think about the problem
Other considerations are-
• Efficiency
• Compatibility with existing code
• Availability of translators
Q5. List the models of computation of language.
Ans. Models are-
• RAM machine
– Procedural
• Directed acyclic graphs
– Smalltalk model of O-O
• Partial recursive functions
– Lisp and ML
• Markov algorithms
– Prolog is loosely based on these
Q6. List various type of languages.
Ans. Various types of languages are-
• Document languages, e.g. LaTeX, Postscript
• Command languages, e.g. bash, MATLAB
• Markup languages, e.g. HTML and XML
• Specification languages, e.g. UML
Q7. What are the issues for languages?
Ans. Issues are-
• Can it be understood by people and processed by machines?
– Although translation may be required.
• Sufficient expressive power?
– Can we say what needs to be said, at an appropriate level of abstraction?
Q8. What is translation?
Ans. Translation is communication of converting the source code into target code.
Q9. What are different types of translation and their roles?
Ans. Types of translation are-
• Compilation
– Translate instructions into suitable (lower level) machine code
– During execution, machine maintains program state information
• Interpretation
– May involve some translation
– Interpreter maintains program state
Q10. What is trade’s off of translation.
Ans. Trade’s off of translation are-
• Compilation
– lower level machine may be faster, so programs run faster
– compilation can be expensive
– examples: C
• Interpretation
– more ability to perform diagnostics (or changes) at run-time
– examples: Basic, UNIX shells, Lisp
11.What is Von Neumann Architecture?
12.What are the basic categories of programming language?
13.What is a complier? Explain the compilation process.
14.What are “lexemes” and “tokens”?
15.What is context-free grammar and regular grammar?
16.What is a derivation in Backus-Naur form (BNF)?
17.What is a parse tree?
18.What are the three extensions that are made to BNF that resulted to EBNF?
19.What is Static semantic, Operational semantic Axiomatic semantic?
20.What is a State diagram?
21.What is parsing? What are the symbols used for denoting Terminals, Non-Terminals, String of terminals and Mixed Strings.
22. What is LR Parser?
23.What is Type Checking, What is Strongly Typed?
24. What are Rectangular and Jagged Arrays?
25.Which is the first functional programming language?
26.What is Logic programming? What are the Applications of Logic Programming?
27.What is first-order predicate calculus?
28.What is a Meta Language?
29.What are Meta Symbols?
30.What is sentential form?
31.What is Ambiguous grammar?
32.What are synthesized attributes in parse tree?
33.What are inherited attributes in parse tree?
34.What is natural operational semantic?
35.What is structural operational semantics?
JNTU – CSE Preparation
JNTU – CSE and IT Programming Unit Wise Exam Preparation Tips
Unit-I: Understand the reasons for studying programming languages, application domains where programming languages can be used, evaluation criteria languages, different categories of languages, programming language implementation and different programming environments.
Unit-II : Understand the general problem of describing syntax and semantics, formal methods of describing syntax using Backus-Naur Form, Extended Backus-Naur Form, Syntax Graphs , attribute grammars related to language syntax and dynamic semantics which describe the meaning of the expressions, statements and program units.
Unit-III: Understand the different primitive data types, string data types, user defined ordinal types, array types, associative arrays, records, union types, pointer and reference types, name forms, keywords supported by languages, variables and variable initialization, concept of binding, type checking with compatibility.
Unit-IV: Understand different types of expressions, different types of assignment statements, control statements, unconditional statements, guarded statements of languages
Unit-V: Explore the design of subprograms, including parameter-passing methods, local referencing environments, overloaded subprograms, generic sub programs and the side effects that are associated with sub programs, scope and life time of a variable, static and dynamic scopes and user defined overloaded operators with co routines.
Unit-VI: Understand data abstraction and encapsulation and differentiate the implementation of the concepts in different programming languages, understand the object oriented concepts of programming languages like SMALL TALK, C++, JAVA, C# and ADA 95. Understand various kinds of concurrency and the sub program level concurrency, semaphores, monitors, message passing, ADA support for concurrency and threads in JAVA and C#
Unit-VII: Understand exception handling, design issues of exception handling with ADA, C++, Java and the concepts of logic programming with logic programming language PROLOG.
Unit-VIII: Understand the fundamentals of functional programming languages with LISP, ML and Haskell and compare functional programming languages with imperative languages and understand scripting language concepts with a case study on PYTHON.