AP Junior Inter Model Papers

AP Jr. Inter Botany Important Study Material

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2 Marks Questions
Q: Give the scientific name of mango. Identify the generic name and specific epithet.
Mango – Mangifera indica
Mangifera – generic name
indica – specific epithet

Q: Which is the largest botanical garden in the world? Name a few well known botanical gardens in India.
A: Kew Botanical garden (England) is the largest in the world.
Indian botanical garden (Howrah) and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow are well known in India.

Q: Define the terms couplet and lead in taxonomic key.
A: A pair of contrasting characters is a couplet. Each statement in a key is called a lead.

Q: What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agricultural fields for crop improvement?
A: Cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena contain heterocysts and can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Hence they are used in agricultural
fields for crop improvement.

Q: Give the main criteria used for classification by Whittaker.
A: Cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships are the main criteria used for classification by Whittaker.

Q: Who is popularly known as father of Botany? What was the book written by him?
A: Theophrastus. de Historia Plantarum.

Q: Which group of plants is called vascular cryptogams? Name the branch of Botany which deals with them?
A: Pteridophytes. Pteridology.

Q: What is paleobotany? What is its use?
A: Paleobotany is the study of fossil plants. It helps in understanding the course of evolution in plants.

Q: Name the stored food materials found in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.
A: Laminarin and mannital are the stored food materials in
Phaeophyceae. Floridean starch is the stored food in Rhodophyceae.

Q: Name the gymnosperms which contain mycorrhiza and corolloid
roots respectively.
A: Mycorrhiza are found in Pinus. Corolloid roots are found in Cycas.

Q: Define venation. How do dicots differ from monocots with respect to venation?
A: The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf lamina is called venation. Dicots show reticulate venation in the leaves and monocots show parallel venation.

Q: What is meant by parthenocarpic fruit? How is it useful?
A: The fruit formed without fertilization is called parthenocarpic fruit. It produces seedless fruits which are used in juice, jams and jelly preparations.

Q: Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms. a. date palm b. coconut c. Chara d. Marchantia.
A: Date palm – dioecious
Coconut – monoecious
Chara – monoecious
Marchantia – dioecious

Q: What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilization? a. ovary b. stamens c. ovules d. calyx
A: Ovary – fruit
Stamens – fall off
Ovules – seeds
Calyx – falls off ( In plants like Solanum it is persistant after fertilization).

Q: Rearrange the following events of sexual reproduction in the
sequence in which they occur in a flowering plant: Embryogenesis, fertilization, gametogenesis, pollination.
A: Gametogenesis →Pollination → Fertilization → Embryogenesis.

4 Marks Questions
Q: Explain in brief the scope of Botany in relation to agriculture, horticulture and medicine.
A: Knowledge of botany lead to experiments in hybridization and genetic engineering.
1. Knowledge of plant breeding helps to develop hybrid varieties of rice, wheat, sugarcane etc.
2. Mineral nutrition, plant hormones, seed dormancy, plant pathology etc are studied in botany and help in improving crops, and crop yields.
3. A knowledge of plant pathology helps in identification, prevention and eradication of plant diseases.
4. Increasing the shelf-life of vegetables and leafy vegetables, artificial ripening of fruits is possible with plant growth hormones.
5. Botany helps in development of industries like cotton, paper, pharmacy, sugar etc.
6. Medicinal plants are used in human and animal healthcare.
7. Plant science is the basis for ayurvedic pharmacies.

Q: Give the salient features and importance of chrysophytes?
A: Chrysophytes belong to the kingdom protista.
1. This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids).
2. They may be freshwater or marine, microscopic and photosynthetic.
3. The cell wall forms a shell with a epitheca and hypotheca made up of silica.
4. Based on symmetry the diatoms may belong to centrales and pennales.
5. They reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by production of auxospores.

Importance of chrysophytes:
1. They form diatomaceous earth (kiselguhr) used for polishing and filtration of oils and syrups.
2. The diatoms are the chief producers in the
seas and oceans.

Q: List the changes observed in angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilization. A: After pollination and fertilization the following changes are observed in a angiosperm
flower:
1. Sepals, petals, stamens and style wither and fall off. ✫ Ovary develops into a fruit.
2. Ovules develop into seeds.
3. Zygote develops into an embryo.
4. Primary endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm.

Junior Inter Zoology Important Study Material AP

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Long Answer Questions
Q: Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax in mosquito.
A: When female Anopheles mosquito inoculates, and sucks the blood of human host gametocytic stages of malaria parasite enter into the crop of mosquito. Along with gametocytes, other stages of erythrocytic stages reach the crop. Only gametocytic stages show resistance to the digestive juices of the insect and rests of the stages are digested in the gut of mosquito.

Further life cycle of malarial parasite continues in the crop. It is described as Ross cycle after Sir Ronald Ros. It includes following
stages.
i) Gametogony
ii) Fertilization
iii) Formation of ookinete and oocysts
iv) Sporogony.

i) Gametogony: Production of male and female gametes from gametocytes is called gametogony. It occurs in the lumen of crop.
The nucleus of micro/ male gametocytes undergo mitotic divisions and produce eight daughter pronuclei. The cytoplasm of gametocyte is pushed out in the form of flagella like processes. Into each flagella like process a pronucleus enters and transform into micro/
male gametes. The male gametes separate by lashing moments. This
process is called exflagellation. The macro/ female gametocytes do
not divide. They undergo few changes and transform into macro/
female gametes. This is known as maturation. The macrogamete
acquires a conical structure called fertilization cone. The pronucleus of macrogamete moves into the fertilization
cone.

ii) Fertilization: Fertilization takes place in the lumen of crop. Fusion of male and female gametes are called syngamy. In Plasmodium fertilization occurs between two unequal gametes, hence it is called anisogamy. The macro/ female gamete that bears zygotic nucleus (synkaryon) is called zygote which round and non-motile.

iii) Formation of ookinete and oocyst: Within 18-24 hrs the inactive zygote becomes active and transforms into a long, slender, motile, vermiform ookinete or vermicule. Vermicule pierces the wall of
crop wall and settles beneath the basement of membrane of the crop wall. Now, the ookinete undergoes encystment and transforms into oocyst. Oocyst is enveloped by two layers. Outer wall is contributed by the crop and inner layer secreted by ookinete itself. Zygote,
ookinete, vermicule and oocyst are the diploid stages of malarial parasite.

iv) Sporogony: The formation of sporozoites in the oocysts is called sporogony. It occurs on outer surface of the crop wall. According to Bano, the zygotic nucleus of oocyst first undergoes meiotic division
and the following divisions occur in mitotic method. Repeated mitotic divisions in the oocyst result about 1000 daughter nuclei. Each daughter nucleus is surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm and transform into sickle shaped sporozoites. The cyst with sporozoites is called sporocyst. The sporocysts rupture and
sporozoites released into haemocoel from there they infect the salivary glands of mosquito and ready for infection to the new secondary host.

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q: Write the route of extra intestinal migration followed by the juveniles of Ascaris lumbricoides.
A: In the small intestine of human 2nd stage juvenile of Ascaris is released. It reaches the liver through hepatic portal system. It reaches the lungs through pulmonary arteries and undergoes 2nd and 3rd moults to become 4th stage juvenile. 4th stage larva reaches the
small intestine through bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oesophagus and stomach.

Q: What is meant by nocturnal periodicity? Explain with reference to the life history of a nematode parasite you have studied.
A: Microfilaria, larva of Wucheraria bancrofti, migrates into the peripheral blood vessel during the night time between 10 pm and 4.00 am. This behaviour of microfilaria is called nocturnal periodicity.

Q: Distinguish between infectious and noninfectious diseases.
A: The diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another are called infectious diseases. These are caused by pathogens. e.g.: Amoebiasis, Typhoid. Noninfectious diseases are not transmitted from one person to another. These are not caused by pathogens. e.g.: Genetic disorders, heart problems etc.

Short Answer Type Questions
Q: Write short notes on typhoid fever and its prophylaxis.
A: Typhoid is caused by a gram negative bacterium called Salmonella typhi. It lives in the small intestine of man and infects to various
organs through blood. It spreads through food and water contamination. Humans are infected with fecal-oral route.

The symptoms of typhoid are sustained high fever with 104oF, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite.
Perforations of the intestines, internal bleeding and death may also occur in severe cases.

To diagnosis typhoid Widal test is used. Prophylaxis: Drinking of boiled and filtered water, washing hands, fruits and vegetables
properly, maintaining good sanitary practices prevent the spreading of the disease.

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